Essay Tips - Writes a Sample Essay For Education School

Essay Tips - Writes a Sample Essay For Education SchoolThe most fundamental step in writing a sample essay for education school is to decide on a topic. What topic can be of great help in helping students from a variety of different backgrounds to reach the basic level in their education? The answers to this question should take into account that all students have similar educational problems.A sample essay for education school may include subjects like personal finance, in addition to anything else that pertains to the concept of learning. When deciding upon a topic, it is important to be as specific as possible so that a theme can be created. In addition, this should be the most basic level of an essay that should be completed for the education school.There are a number of tools available that are used to assist in writing a sample essay for education school. These tools are a more advanced form of what can be found in writing a general essay. While there is much more to the tools than what can be found in a generic essay, they are a powerful tool when used properly.Once the topic and the specific concept are decided upon, the composition can begin. The reason why this step is important is that the topic and the concept are the heart of the essay. If either one of these two elements is lacking, the entire essay will not flow correctly.This is why it is important to start the essay by discussing the topic. This allows the writer to become familiar with the concept. By having an idea of what is being discussed, the writer can rest assured that the essay will flow well, and the ideas will be displayed properly.After the topic is discussed, it is time to prepare the topic itself. This is where research is used. The amount of research that must be done for the topic will vary, but it is important to research the basics of the topic before proceeding.The most basic point of the topic should be highlighted. This is the primary point of the essay, which will be used in both a brainstorming session, and in writing the actual essay. If the student can clearly state the basic point of the essay, this will allow the student to be able to explain in more detail in later sections of the essay.The most basic point of writing a sample essay for education school is to have the basics covered before moving forward. By presenting a general outline to the student, they can be sure that they will present a clear idea to the reader. Without the basics of the topic, the whole essay will not flow correctly.

Essay Topics - Three Tips to Make Them Yourself

Essay Topics - Three Tips to Make Them YourselfEssay topics are quite a bit different than one may think. However, the simple fact that you take an essay topic and turn it into a great essay topic will most likely be a deciding factor in whether or not you get a good grade on your essay. In other words, how do you decide which essay topics to go with?The first thing to look at is if the topic has a single interesting topic associated with it. This is obviously going to be the easiest to think of a title for and you may have a relatively good idea of how this topic will be broken down into essays. In a case like this, one or two elements are more important than a really catchy title.There are many other relevant essay topics out there, such as student leaders. Your chances of getting a good grade will be greatly increased by thinking about these first. If you do not have much in the way of specific ideas that can be written about, I would recommend looking into popular topics such as these.Then, you may consider taking on a good research subject. This would include topics such as anatomy or physics or something like that. If you think you can make a good argument for a certain topic, but are not sure what the thesis is going to be, then this would be a great topic to go with. You would most likely find that there are many people willing to discuss this topic with you, but as always the key is to be able to formulate a good thesis.Another common essay topics that people forget about is history. People rarely talk about history as a topic, but it is a very good one. Just make sure that you can think of an interesting thesis or topic surrounding the history of some kind. For example, do you want to write about why the Egyptians became so good at science when they never had any idea of it?A third topic that people should definitely consider is religion. Religion is a great subject to go into, and as you can imagine there are plenty of interesting topics that people would be interested in. However, make sure that you really know a lot about this topic, or at least have a good idea of what the basic positions are for a variety of religions.With all of the essay topics out there, you need to be careful about selecting them. Not only do you want to think about how good the topic is, but you also want to pick topics that the professor would be most interested in. You don't want to spend a lot of time writing a good topic, but get a grade.Of course, there are still personal essay topics you can choose from. Consider things like poetry paper, or a report on how your family has evolved over the years. This is another great place to start and gives you a very good starting point for a great essay.

Choosing Ap Literature Exam Is Simple

Choosing Ap Literature Exam Is Simple Here's What I Know About Ap Literature Exam Additionally, there are several paid resources offering unofficial practice questions. It is possible to pay twenty dollars to receive two English Lit practice tests from using this website. Besides the free College Board resources, in addition, there are several places online where it is possible to acquire free, unofficial practice tests. These prep book offer tips include all you will need to know to attain a high score and it possesses an in depth content review for a great many test topics, so should you know you're be fully covered to score a 5 on your next AP exam. It is not the most in-depth manner of studying, but, it is going to make it possible for you to review the most crucial information for the AP exam. So, students should guess if they don't know an answer on the multiple-choice part of the exam. We've listed a number of the very best AP English Literature resources out there. Similar resources are available on the internet or as computer computer software. Discussions of imagery will also appear here, as you'll want to understand when something employs imagery along with how to recognize the kind of image to boot. The Upside to Ap Literature Exam Before you may make a good study program, you will need to have a very good idea of your starting point. The very first step in writing your paper is to discover a subject area you are imagine that you're attempting to convince your very best friend to believe your. It literally indicates the start of a new moment. If you are aware that you are not going to have enough time to rerea d, then make certain to revise as you go. If you really feel just like you still need more help or you're not sure you may do it by yourself, look no more. To get ready for the multiple-choice section, your best choice is to practice actual multiple-choice questions. Offer an answer for each question because there isn't any penalty for wrong answers. Bubble just like you've never bubbled before and you may squeeze a couple more correct answers from the offer. The target of all writing assignments is to assist students learn how to explain their ideas and understandings in clear and cogent ways. With time, you should start to notice areas in which your studying should be raised and those which you're strong in. A complete course description that may help to guide your studying and knowledge of the knowledge needed for the test can be discovered on the College Board course description, located here. AP Language and Composition course is a huge deal, and your primary intent i s to demonstrate your capacity to produce decent analysis with an ideal structure and grammar indexes. You're going to be requested to read an excerpt from a text on the necessary reading list (or the entire work in the instance of a brief poem) and analyze the method by which the text represents the qualities of a specific genre. Don't do the essay question on the previous page! Be aware, however, that a number of the prose and poetry excerpts can't be reprinted as a result of copyright concerns. The third part of the synthesis essay rubric covers the potency of the student's argument. Finding Ap Literature Exam on the Web With all this AP Language and Composition vocabulary available, you will be a top-notch rhetorical analyst in virtually no time! Most timed essays follow an easy, standardized format. AP English Literature and Composition courses are generally capped by the AP exam that determines whether a student may get college credit for her or his work. In order t o be sure you've got every element of the AP English Language synthesis essay covered, you wish to be sure you make an outline before writing. And the only means to cope with this exam is to learn how to analyze that format. There are several rhetorical terms it can be difficult to figure out which ones which you will need to understand for AP Language and Composition! This produces the multiple choice harder within this book than the true exam. The assessment is in under a week. When a student doesn't support her or his argument well, this will create the student to obtain a score of a four. He must bring together at least three sources and his or her argument in order to receive a high score. Some students think about the completely free response section being the hardest portion of the whole English exam. You have to be able to comprehend and establish all types of figurative language. Align your elements and be certain you haven't committed any fallacies. You could possibly be requested to demonstrate the way the figurative language contributed to the tone. In most instances, symbolism is all about metaphors and imagery. New Questions About Ap Literature Exam This thesis should state your argument in addition to referring to the 3 points which you will make in the body. These elements are the writer's capacity to have a position, her or his effectiveness in synthesizing, the potency of the writer's argument, and their command of the language, or prose. A good example of a technique that may be used is parallelism. Utilizing the language for persuasive purposes will boost your argument too, resulting in a greater score.

Learning Plan 2 - 2696 Words

Learning Plan 2 - Short Answer Activity (10 points each) Write and submit 1 - 2 typed paragraphs for each question. Please remember to: ↠ Reflect, in your own words, the content of textbook lessons. ↠ Use complete sentences with proper paragraphing. ↠ Use standard grammar, punctuation, and spelling. ↠ Show good logic and organization, amplifying definitions with examples. 1. Briefly explain the importance of paralanguage. Give three distinct examples of how paralanguage might (1) contradict, (2) supplement, or (3) complement your verbal message. Paralanguage is important because the 6 vocal charactistics that it is composed of portray what type of person you are or how you are feeling. When you use a higher†¦show more content†¦Note: You must do ALL options under the activity you choose. 4. Artifacts are ornaments or adornments that communicate messages about us. a. Try wearing something unusual or carrying an unusual prop. Try pinning a tootsie roll pop to your shirt or carrying a rubber ducky around with you for the day. What kinds of reactions do you get from others? What comments do people make? This is an intriguing way to meet people, by the way. b. Observe at least five strangers. Note their artifacts. What conclusions can you draw from the person who uses a cellular phone, carries a clipboard or an umbrella, or holds a folded Wall Street Journal vs. a Playboy magazine? Do you think that the people that you are observing are aware of the messages that they are sending? Are you aware of the messages that you are sending? How much consideration do you give to your clothing, jewelry, hairstyle and other elements of your appearance? What kinds of conclusions would people draw from your appearance and artifacts right now? Employers often report that this is an important factor in their job interview process. Nonverbal communication plays an important part in any interpersonal transaction. Artifacts are ornaments or adornments that communicate messages about us. We choose artifacts for both function and for the message that they say about us. When people enter your space and see an artifact they may interpret it in different ways. For myShow MoreRelatedUnderstanding And Understanding Of Physical, Social And Intellectual Development And Characteristics Of Student Essay1541 Words   |  7 PagesStandard 1: Know students and how they learn As every individual is unique, getting to understand the students’ characteristics, knowledge and cultural background are essential requirements for encouraging their development and learning (Arthur, Beecher, Death, Dockett Farmer, 2012). 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Leadership in Hotel Rwanda Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Leadership in Hotel Rwanda Answer: The basis of leadership: The five leadership aspects of the character Paul Rusesabagina in the film Hotel Rwanda were as follows: Confidence: A leader should be confident about his decision making power and about leading his followers. The refugees turned to seek guidance and help from Paul because he was confident about holding onto his humanitarian grounds. He gave refuge to the his neighbours irrespective of their origin and even nationality. He was confident about his humanitarian decisions and bribed the Rwandan army with alcohol and money. Paul as a confident leader protected the Tutsi and the foreign refugees, sheltered his family member and kept his premium hotel running. When his bribes could no longer save the refugees from the attack of the Hutus, he led them into the safety of the Tutsi Rebel lines. Positive attitude: The character displays infallible confidence in his humanitarian decisions to protect people in the face of Rwandan civil war. His confidence is perhaps the most prominent leadership aspect portrayed by the character Paul (Lyon et al., 2014). Paul saved the lives of the Rwandan in the face of the genocide. It is the merciful aspect of his personality and positive attitude that made others trust him. His positive attitude and extreme hospitality maintain discipline and motivation among his staffs up. Communication: The next leadership aspect of Paul is communication skills which supported his confidence. The film Hotel Rwanda shows political problems between the Hutu and the Tutsi tribes of Africa. Paul was a Hutu but was married to Titiana, a Tutsi, which showed his power to understand the human bond over racism. His power to communicate with a conflicting groups of people was the most unique feature of his personality which made other depend on him. He maintained healthy communication with his staffs which kept their morale and motivation high. Tactfulness: He gave bribe to the Hutu tribe who resided around his hotel to protect the refugees which showed his power to communicate with hostile people. His power to communicate with the refugees and eliminate fear from their minds also proves his communication prowess. He even helped the United Nations and the Red Cross by giving shelter to their refugees as well. He managed his staff so that they could keep the hotel running while he took care of the refugees. The staff respected him as a servant leader and admired him. They followed him willingly and kept the services to the guests going. Thus, Pauls quality of a servant leader kept the morale and discipline within the staff high. They admired him for his extreme hospitality and his tactful ways of protecting the refugees. Thus, it was extreme hospitality and servant leadership of Paul that kept the morale of the staff high. Commitment: Paul was committed to save the lives of the Rwandan against the merciless killing. It is leadership quality of his that helps him to lead the refugees towards safety of the Tutsi people. His commitment to upload humanity supported him even when his own family was threatened. He maintained morale and discipline with his staffs and sheltered them too. Extreme hospitality: Lashley (2015) in his work refers extreme hospitality as the act of offering shelter to strangers, give food an protection to guests especially when they are in need. It has religious and humanitarian importance and is one of the admired qualities of a leader. Extereme hospitality is one of the qualities of a servant leader who puts the protection and wellbeing of his followers before his own interest. Extreme hospitality necessitates a leader to provide protection to strangers and value their lives. Paul in the film practiced extreme hospitality when he gave shelter to strangers in his hotel. As a servant leader he put the protection and security of the refugees before all sorts of identities like race, nationality and religion. He protected the lives of the Rwandans against the genocide which killed lakhs of people in the country. He was a Hutu but did not differentiate between the refugees on the grounds of their origins (Lashley, 2015). Paul displayed servant leadership qualities when he protected the Rwandans instead of caring for his own family alone. As a servant leader he was more concerned about the well being of his refugees that following ethics blindly. He bribed the Rwandans with alcohol and money to ensure their protection. Paul used his resources to save and feed the refugees. This shows his extreme hospitality and humanism. As a participative leader Paul participated with the international bodies in the rehabilitation of the genocide affected people which showed his commitment to extreme hospitality. Welten (2015) in his work told that extreme hospitality urges one to cross the barriers of culture and nationality and reach out to the needy, even if they are strangers. Servant leaders show extreme hospitality and lead the people in trouble towards safety and security. They motivate refugees by protecting them and ensure their safety. Paul, in face of the lack of humane feelings and mass killing, protected the refugees (Shek et al., 2015). Hence he, showed extreme hospitality in the film by protecting the refugees of Rwanda genocide and ultimately leading them to safe shelters. Leadership style and followership Servant leadership is a unique type of leadership in which leaders put the interest of their followers before their own. Their aim is to lead the followers across the troubled times. Paul as a servant always put his servant before him. This leadership style is not encouraged by the aim to acquire wealth or recognition. It is fuelled by the urge to serve the needy people. This type of leadership is capable of building a society based on human values and justice (Shek et al., 2015). The character of Paul is the main character of the film Hotel Rwanda. He displays servant leadership and puts the safety of the refugees before his own safety. The leadership style of his encourages the leaders to take risks on behalf of their followers. They are able to lead anyone in the society out of trouble and are considered important leaders for social development. They are confident and dedicated towards their followers and win respect and trust from them (Wallis, 2014). The leadership style of Paul can be identified as service leadership style because he put the interest of his follower, the refugees before his own. The other leadership styles like participative leadership style allow participation of the team members in decision making on the target set by the leaders. Paul as a servant leader put the safety of the people before his own. He owned a premium hotel which attracted foreigners (Shek, Yu Siu, 2015). Paul, instead of allocating his resources solely towards the operations of the hotel to earn profit, allocated vast resources to protect the refugees. He allocated resources to protect them which became his main target. He even put his target to earn profit after his service towards humanity and saving the unlucky sheltered people (Hutchinson Jackson, 2013). An admirable leadership quality in Paul was the power to take decisions with confidence during the times of extreme risks. Bridges Bridges (2017) in their book tell that extreme leaders like Paul challenge the prevailing situations. They understand the loss caused by a certain situations and take steps to lead people towards better situations. Servant leaders are confident and their leadership stands on the servant and them helping each other. It provides one to show love and charity towards the society and goes on to create a society based on equality. The leaders have the quality of taking decisions in the face of tough situations. They are capable of taking ethically and morally sound decisions while leading their teams. They display both experience and emotional attachment with their followers while making judgements and taking decisions. They consider the impact of their decisions on their followers while making them. The servant leaders like Paul understand the conditions of their followers and consider their emotions important while deciding what to do (Watt et al., 2017). Paul as a servant leader is worth admiration because he put the security of the refugees before his own and decided to give them shelter (Liden et al., 2014). He instead of joining the Hutus in killing the Tutsis, sheltered them. This showed his confidence to go against the tide and stand beside the right even to the peril of his own life. The effect of confidence and risk taking leadership on leadership and followership is very profound. The servant leaders take the risk of protecting others and are ready to risk their own lives. They emotionally are able to feel the danger looming on the needy people and try to assure their security. The risk taking servant leaders try to lessen the pain of unlucky people by providing them mental and emotional support. Paul provided shelter to the refugees and gave them emotional support(Yip Ct, 2013). There are many works on leadership regarding the origin of the leadership qualities in leaders. The trait theory says that descendents from the rich and powerful families have leadership qualities owing their heritage (Antonakis House, 2014). The situational theories say that leaders acquire their leadership qualities under certain situations. Such situations challenge their leadership instincts to take decisions under tough conditions to lead their followers. Paul, is not a royal descent. He was an African who had a hotel business. He took the decision to protect the refugees when the other Hutus were killing them. Such types of leadership have tremendous effect on the followers and they gain trust and confidence in the leader. He had compassion for humanity and the suffering refugees(Li, Lin Wang, 2014). It can be commented over here that leadership has got nothing to do with royal or aristocratic birth. It stems from the power of an individual to understand situations and take a ccurate decisions to deal with it. The leadership of Paul had the traits of a servant leadership to a big extant and that of transformational leadership to a smaller extent (Dei, 2014). Thus, he transformed the common belief the Hutus had that the Tutsis should be killed (Nichols Cottrell, 2014). As a leader having risk taking power and decision making abilities he instilled a feeling of security among his refugees. Paul gave shelter to the refugees and led them to safety across the Tutsi lines. Here Paul as a transformational leader conceived the lives of the African as precious as the Americans. He did not leave his followers which led his followers to trsust him. He had the power to transcend the boundaries of race, caste and nationalism to uphold humanity (Barghouti, 2013). The movie can be stated as a link between hospitality and servant leadership. Pauls leadership is driven by compassion and feeling for people in pain. The leadership of Paul is born out of his humanistic and compassionate nature. He was a person who did not follow ethics blindly and bribed the army people to protect is refugees. He was a leader to who put humanity before business ethics and persona safety. References Antonakis, J., House, R. J. (2014). Instrumental leadership: Measurement and extension of transformationaltransactional leadership theory.The Leadership Quarterly,25(4), 746-771. Barghouti, O. (2013). Boycott, Academic Freedom, and the Moral Responsibility to Uphold Human Rights. Bridges, W., Bridges, S. (2017).Managing transitions: Making the most of change. Da Capo Press. Dei, G. J. S. (2014). Personal reflections on anti-racism education for a global context.Encounters on Education,15, 239. Hutchinson, M., Jackson, D. (2013). Transformational leadership in nursing: towards a more critical interpretation.Nursing inquiry,20(1), 11-22. Lashley, C. (2015). Hospitality and hospitableness.Research in Hospitality Management,5(1), 1-7. Lashley, C. (2015). Hospitality and hospitableness.Research in Hospitality Management,5(1), 1-7. Li, G., Lin, J., Wang, H. (2014). Rethinking identity and agency in minority education: Preparing Asian American leaders for a global future.New Waves,17(1), 50. Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Liao, C., Meuser, J. D. (2014). Servant leadership and serving culture: Influence on individual and unit performance.Academy ofManagement Journal,57(5), 1434-1452. Lyon, L. J., Nadersahi, N. A., Nattestad, A., Kachalia, P., Hammer, D. (2014). A curricular reform viewed through Bolman and Deals organizational frames.Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning,14(3), 16-33. Nichols, A. L., Cottrell, C. A. (2014). What do people desire in their leaders? The role of leadership level on trait desirability.The Leadership Quarterly,25(4), 711-729. Shek, D. T., Law, M. Y., Liu, T. T. (2015). Focus group evaluation of a service leadership subject in Hong Kong.International Journal on Disability and Human Development,14(4), 371-376. Shek, D. T., Yu, L., Siu, A. M. (2015). Interpersonal competence and service leadership.International Journal on Disability and Human Development,14(3), 265-274. Wallis, A. (2014).Silent accomplice: the untold story of France's role in the Rwandan genocide. IB Tauris. Washington, R. R., Sutton, C. D., Sauser Jr, W. I. (2014). How distinct is servant leadership theory? Empirical comparisons with competing theories.Journal of Leadership, Accountability and Ethics,11(1), 11. Watts, L. L., Ness, A. M., Steele, L. M., Mumford, M. D. (2017). Learning from stories of leadership: How reading about personalized and socialized politicians impacts performance on an ethical decision-making simulation.The Leadership Quarterly. Welten, R. (2015). Hospitality and its ambivalences. On Zygmunt Bauman.Hospitality Society,5(1), 7-21. Yip, J. A., Ct, S. (2013). The emotionally intelligent decision maker: Emotion-understanding ability reduces the effect of incidental anxiety on risk taking.Psychological Science,24(1), 48-55.

Yes †the New View of Reconstruction Essay Example

Yes – the New View of Reconstruction Essay In The New View of Reconstruction, Eric Foner says that even though Reconstruction failed to meet the goals of Radical Republicans, painlessly rebuild the South, and give the freed blacks complete rights and opportunities, Reconstruction did give African Americans some new chances and a brief taste of a free society. Political, social, and economic progress was made by blacks through the 14th and 15th amendments. Good things came out of the chaotic period of Reconstruction. The South actually was made more democratic than ever before. Public schools for blacks were established, blacks were granted full citizenship, family ties were strengthened, and blacks were able to hold political offices. Many whites in the North and South supported civil rights amendments and wanted to help the blacks and Foner believes that Reconstruction was a splendid failure. LaWanda Cox, however, disagrees. In Reflections on the limits of the Possible, she states that even Lincoln might not have been able to make the period of Reconstruction successful. It was a time of economical hardships for both blacks and whites in the South. A combination of poor crops and not enough land for the African Americans made many go into subsistence farming, which led to poverty. There was much distrust in Congress and many different opinions that would make it difficult for Lincoln to settle. The economy of the South during and following the Civil War depended on King Cotton which crippled them severely. . Johnson, who wasn’t fit for the task, did what he could, though not much was splendid about his job of doing it, as the word failure tells. We will write a custom essay sample on Yes – the New View of Reconstruction specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Yes – the New View of Reconstruction specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Yes – the New View of Reconstruction specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer However, Foner argues that though there were a lot of bad sides to Reconstruction, what’s important is not how little was accomplished, but how far the former slaves moved toward freedom and independence in a short time, and how large a role African Americans played in shaping Reconstruction. During Reconstruction, blacks won a certain amount of legal and political power in the South, and even though they held that power only temporarily, they used it for a time to strengthen their economic and social positions and to win a position of limited but genuine independence. Although Reconstruction had not accomplished radical goals, Eric Foner still believed that Reconstruction had been a time of real progress because blacks got to see their future as free citizens even temporarily, and it showed them the possibility of being hard working Americans. The Freedmans Bureau gave black men the right to vote, and it also educated many Africans Americans. It gave blacks a glimpse of what freedom could be, which motivated them to work even harder for their rights. Even though the reconstruction seemed to be a failure, it was actually a great step toward a new America.

Critical Study of Alcohol and Hepatocytes Cell Necrosis The WritePass Journal

Critical Study of Alcohol and Hepatocytes Cell Necrosis Introduction Critical Study of Alcohol and Hepatocytes Cell Necrosis IntroductionReferencesRelated Introduction The tissue shows vast inflammation, there are large gaps in between the hepatocytes due to cell necrosis and the hepatocytes remaining are large and swollen. There are fatty deposits throughout the tissue and fibrous structures present which are most likely collagen.   The hepatocytes themselves are not only swollen but have the presence of globular material within. This is identified as Mallory bodies, seen in cases of alcoholic hepatitis. These globules are aggregates of intermediate filaments in the cytoplasm which have resulted from hepatocyte injury. Neutrophils can be seen in the sample which is the likely cause of inflammation. These would have been called to the tissue due to the necrosis of the hepatocytes and the presence of cellular debris within the lobules [1]. An infiltration of macrophages can be seen which would also be due to the debris present. The first stage of alcoholic liver disease is the increase of fatty deposits in the liver. Heavy alcohol consumption causes the production of large fatty globules a process known as macrovesicular steatosis collecting in the liver cells.   Ethanol consumed is metabolised by alcohol dehydrase in the mitochondria into toxic acetaldehyde which is metabolised by aldehyde dehydrogenase into acetic acid [1][2][3]. The production of acetaldehyde causes a higher NADH: NAD ratio which is the main mechanism in the development of this condition. This NADH production causes increase in lipogenesis and a decrease in fatty acid oxidation. The higher levels of fatty acids signal the hepatocytes to compound glycerol into triglycerides [3]. This is seen in the first stage of liver damage known as alcoholic hepatitis [2]. Excess alcohol intake can also cause hepatocyte injury via oxidative stress from increased NADH production in which free radicals damage the hepatocytes (increased production by th e kupffer cells); and from lipid peroxidation where acetylhyde binds to proteins forming adducts [1]. This binding triggers humoral and cellular immune responses resulting in tissue injury. There is an increase in pro inflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor and interleukin -6 and a decrease in anti inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin -4 [1]. These cytokines in particularly TNF are secreted by the kupffer cells (macrophages) located in the liver. They’re activated by the increased levels of endotoxin released from the breakdown of alcohol by intestinal bacteria; this binds to the CD14 receptor on their surface initiating response.   The release of these cytokines leads to the hepatic stellate cells producing increased levels of collagen which leads to liver fibrosis and also causes destructive damage to the hepatocytes. This leads to the last stage of liver disease known as cirrhosis which can occur in prolonged alcoholic hepatitis, seen in 40% of cases [1][4]. Individuals suffering with alcoholic hepatitis have an increase in serum bilirubin due to the inability of the damaged liver to process it. Bilirubin is normally removed from the blood by the liver, processed by it and released into the bile [4][5]. They’ll also have prolonged prothrombin time which reflects decreased hepatic synthetic function [4][5]. A number of clotting factor proteins are produced in the liver so an increase in coagulation time suggests a decrease in these factors indicating dysfunction of the liver. Decreased serum albumin can be observed in cases of liver injury as this is the main protein produced in the liver. Thyroid tests can indicate liver dysfunction such as testing for T3- triiodothrynonine which appears decreased in individuals with alcoholic hepatitis and is proportional to the level of damage[6][4]. There is also a decrease in serum cholesterol level seen in this condition. In cases where excessive alcohol consumption is not the cause of hepatitis further testing should be done.   Individuals can develop hepatitis due to drug use as currently 1000 drugs are seen to be hepatotoxic [7].   There must be a chronic correlation seen between when the medicine was first taken and the observation of hepatitis. There must also be a correlation between the removal of medication and the recession of the condition [4]. Other causes of hepatitis must also be tested for such as viral hepatitis. There are 5 subsets of viral hepatitis A, B, C, and the less common D and E forms. Hepatitis A is the most common form and is passed on by the faecal– oral route. It’s tested for by the presence of the anti-HAV IgM antibody which tests positive before the development of clinical hepatitis and remains positive for at least 4months. Hepatitis B is tested for by the presence of surface antigen HBsAg. Anti HBC total and Anti – HBC IgM is also tested for. A soluble protein HBeAg is produced by the virus in acute and early chronic stages of hepatitis B so positivity of this indicates infection. Hepatitis C infection has the presentation of Anti-HCV seen in 90% of individuals with this infection [7]. The possibility of autoimmune hepatitis can be ruled out by testing of HLA class II expression on the surface of the hepatocytes. There is also an increase seen in IgG antibody and a variety of other antibodies such as SLA/LP (anti soluble liver protein) [8]. References [1] Hopkins. J. Alcoholic liver disease – Introduction, gastroenterology and hepatology. Baltimore M.D 2010 [2] www.britishlivertrust.org . Accessed 28.11.10 [3 ]Drriad. Pathogenesis of hepatitis infection from chronic alcoholism, Figure 1. 2007 [4] www.hepatitis.org. Phillipe.L, Hepatogastroenterology department, Brugmann University Hospital Brussells Accessed 28.11.10 [5]gastro.com/Gastro/liverdisease/liver_function.aspx,   Gardner. P.W and Waldstreicher.W, American Liver Foundation 1995 Accessed 28.11.10 [6] Borzio. M et al, Thyroid function tests in chronic liver disease: evidence for multiple abnormalities despite clinical euthyroidism. GUT Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology, Vol 24(7), Jul 1983. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1420033/. Accessed 28/11/10 [7] oaml.com/PDF/CLP012.pdf. Guidelines for clinical laboratory practice, revised March 2000, Accessed 28.11.10 [8]Krawitt. E.L Autoimmune hepatitis: classification, heterogeneity, and treatment, January 1994.   Am. J. Med. Vol 96 (1A): 23S–26S.